The end of 2005 was marked by two convictions in high-profile skinhead gang cases in St. Petersburg. Following the murder, in 2004, of Nikolai Girenko - an academic known for his opposition to neo-Nazi - and threats against Governor Valentina Matviyenko, the city's law enforcement voiced their commitment to investigate crimes by neo-Nazi skinhead gangs.

So on 14 December 2005, members of Mad Crowd gang were sentenced to terms between one and three years (however, not in prison camps, but in settlement colonies, which means more liberal conditions). One of them who was under legal age at the time of the offences received a probational sentence. All were convicted under art.282 part 2 of the Criminal Code for incitation of hatred combined with violence or threats of violence. Indeed, their offences included both violent attacks and hate speech.

A week before, on 9 December, members of Schultz-88 group were convicted and sentenced (in fact, Mad Crowd is its spin-off). The leader of Schultz-88 was sentenced to six years of prison, three members of the gang were sentenced each to three years' probation, and one skinhead was acquitted. They were sentenced under the same paragraph of art. 282 and under the article on 'hooliganism' defined in the Russian Criminal Code as assault involving weapons or objects used as weapons. The leader was also found guilty under art.282-1 of the Criminal Code punishing for the organization of "extremist community' (it was the second conviction under this article since its adoption more than three years ago).

Compared to investigative and judicial practices of previous years, the convictions should apparently make us all happy. But they do not.

The investigation of Schultz-88 case was launched in November 2003, and the case of Mad Crowd was opened in end-2004, the offences were committed in 2002-2003, and the trials, as we can see, ended only recently. The investigators and the court took their time; as a result, the statute of limitations had expired under part 1, art. 282 ("propaganda of hatred' per se) and part two art. 282-1 ("participation in an extremist community').

Charges against members of both groups included, in addition to hate speech ("propaganda') combined with threats of violence, a number of violent assaults with dire consequences for the victims. However, the sentences lacked any mention of bodily injuries. What does it mean? Either the defendants were not guilty of the assaults originally described by the prosecutor, or, more likely, prosecution failed to prove most of the episodes.

Probational sentences, in particular, cause resentment and concern, as we know from numerous examples that they have never served to intimidate skinheads or to discourage them from crimes.